The household is "the basic residential unit in which economic production In economics, Production is the act of supplying a desired output. The act may or may not include factors of production other than labor. Any effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a "productive" effort and the performance of such act is production. A body massage performed by a massuse is production no, consumption Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt. Generally, consumption is defined by opposition to production. But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define production quite differently. According to some economists, only the final purchase of goods and, inheritance Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and obligations upon the death of an individual. It has long played an important role in human societies. The rules of inheritance differ between societies and have changed over time, child rearing Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the activity of raising a child rather than the biological relationship, and shelter are organized and carried out"; [the household] "may or may not be synonymous with family In human context, a family is an exclusive group of people who share a close relationship —a unit typically (or "traditionally") composed of a mated couple and their dependent children (procreation) in co-residence. Families create generations—each of which gain in maturity and self sufficiency such as to create and provide for".[1]
The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social The term Social refers to a characteristic of living organisms . It always refers to the interaction of organisms with other organisms and to their collective co-existence, irrespective of whether they are aware of it or not, and irrespective of whether the interaction is voluntary or involuntary, microeconomic Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how the individual parts of the economy, the household and the firms, make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviours affect the supply and demand for goods and and government A government is the organization, or agency through which a political unit exercises its authority, controls and administers public policy, and directs and controls the actions of its members or subjects models. The term refers to all individuals who live in the same dwelling Dwelling, as well as being a term for a house, or for living somewhere, or for lingering somewhere, is a philosophical concept which was developed by Martin Heidegger.
In economics, a household is a person or a group of people living in the same residence[2].
Most economic An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area, the labor, capital and land resources, and the economic agents that socially participate in the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. A given economy is the end result of a process that involves its technological evolution, models do not address whether the members of a household are a family In human context, a family is an exclusive group of people who share a close relationship —a unit typically (or "traditionally") composed of a mated couple and their dependent children (procreation) in co-residence. Families create generations—each of which gain in maturity and self sufficiency such as to create and provide for in the traditional sense. Government and policy discussions often treat the terms household and family as synonymous, especially in western The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term that can have multiple meanings depending on its context (e.g., the time period, the region or social situation). Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical societies where the nuclear family A nuclear family is a family group consisting of only a father and mother and their children, who share living quarters. This can be contrasted with an extended family. Nuclear families can be of any size, as long as there are only children and two parents. Nuclear families meet their individual members’ basic needs because available resources has become the most common family structure.[dubious – discuss] In reality, there is not always a one-to-one relationship between households and families.
Contents |
Government
For statistical purposes in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land, a household is defined as "one person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence and for a group, either share at least one meal Meals occur primarily at homes, restaurants, and cafeterias, but may occur anywhere. Regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. Special meals are usually held in conjunction with such occasions as birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, and holidays a day or share the living accommodation, that is, a living room A living room, also known as sitting room, lounge room or lounge , is a room for entertaining guests, reading, watching TV or other activities. The term front room can also be used to describe a living room, because in many homes the living room is at the front of the house or sitting room" National Statistics.
The United States Census The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. The population is enumerated every 10 years and the results are used to allocate Congressional seats , electoral votes, and government program funding. Some states or local jurisdictions also conduct local censuses definition similarly turns on "separate living quarters", i.e. "those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building" [1]. A householder in the U.S. census is the "person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (maintained);" if no person qualifies, any adult resident of a housing unit is a householder. The U.S. government formerly used the term head of the household and head of the family to describe householders; beginning in 1980, these terms were officially dropped from the census and replaced with householder.[3]
The official definition from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_71061.htm is clearer:
"A household includes all the persons who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and which have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.)"
Economic theories
Most economic theories assume there is only one income Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. However, for households and individuals, "income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms of earnings received... in a given period of time." stream to a household; this a useful simplification for modeling, but does not necessarily reflect reality. Many households now include multiple income-earning members.
Social
In Social Work Social work is a profession that strives to address social problems. Social workers draw on the social and behavioural sciences to meet the needs of clients. For example, social workers may provide psychotherapy to individuals and families, produce assessments of child welfare for government and law enforcement, and work with clients in prisons the household is a residential grouping defined similarly to the above in which housework Housekeeping or housecleaning is the systematic process of making a home neat and clean in approximately that order. This may be applied more broadly than just to an individual home, or as a metaphor for a similar "clean up" process applied elsewhere such as a procedural reform. It can also be called household management, which is the is divided and performed by householders. Care Carer and caregiver (US, Canadian usage) are words normally used to refer to unpaid relatives or friends who support people with disabilities. The words may be prefixed with "family" "spousal", "child" to distinguish between different care situations. The general term dependent/dependant care is also used for the may be delivered by one householder to another, depending upon their respective needs A need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants because a deficiency would cause a clear negative outcome, such as dysfunction or death. Needs can be objective and physical, such as food and water, or they can be subjective and psychological, such as the need for self-esteem. On a, abilities, and perhaps disabilities The World Health Organization defines Disability as follows: "Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a. Different household compositions may lead to differential life & health expectations & outcomes for household members[4][5]. Eligibility for certain community services '''Home Care''', , is health care or supportive care provided in the patient's home by healthcare professionals (often referred to as home health care or formal care; in the United States, it is also known as skilled care) or by family and friends (also known as caregivers, primary caregiver, or voluntary caregivers who give informal care). Often, and welfare benefits Welfare or welfare work consists of actions or procedures — especially on the part of governments and institutions — striving to promote the basic well-being of individuals in need. These efforts usually strive to improve the financial situation of people in need but may also strive to improve their employment chances and many other aspects of may depend upon household composition[6].
In Sociology Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social activity, often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Subject matter 'household work strategy', a term coined by Ray Pahl[7],[8] is the division of labour Division of Bashir or economic specialisation is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles. Historically an increasingly complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialisation processes. Division of between members of a household, whether implicit or the result of explicit decision–making, with the alternatives weighed up in a simplified type of cost-benefit analysis Under both definitions the process involves, whether explicitly or implicitly, weighing the total expected costs against the total expected benefits of one or more actions in order to choose the best or most profitable option. The formal process is often referred to as either CBA or BCA (Benefit-Cost Analysis). It is a plan for the relative deployment of household members' time between the three domains of employment Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An employee may be defined as: "A person in the service of another under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how: i) in the market economy A market economy is economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand, including home-based self-employment second jobs, in order to obtain money to buy goods and services in the market; ii) domestic production work, such as cultivating a vegetable patch or raising chickens, purely to supply food to the household; and iii) domestic consumption work to provide goods and services directly within the household, such as cooking meals, child–care, household repairs, or the manufacture of clothes and gifts. Household work strategies may vary over the life-cycle, as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person or be decided collectively[9].
Feminism Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and/or women's liberation. Feminism includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. It is also a movement that campaigns for women's rights and interests. Nancy examines the ways that gender roles A gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific gender. Proponents of gender role theory assert that observed gender differences in behavior and affect the division of labour Division of Bashir or economic specialisation is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles. Historically an increasingly complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialisation processes. Division of within households. Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild Arlie Russell Hochschild is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. She is the author of several prize-winning books and numerous articles on the balancing acts of modern two-job couples at home and at work. She introduced to the field of sociology the ideas of feeling rules, time bind and emotional labor in The Second Shift and The Time Bind presents evidence that in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework.[10][11] Feminist writer Cathy Young Cathy Young is a Russian American journalist and writer. She writes columns for Reason (monthly) and The Boston Globe (weekly), and is the author of two books and a number of articles. Her writing commonly espouses equality feminism responds to Hochschild's assertions by arguing that in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting.[12]
Household models
Household models in anglophone Anglosphere is a term with conflicting meanings. For some, the Anglosphere is just those set of nations with English as the most common language. For many others, it is a set of nations which share an "English-like" character and culture, particularly including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New culture include the family In human context, a family is an exclusive group of people who share a close relationship —a unit typically (or "traditionally") composed of a mated couple and their dependent children (procreation) in co-residence. Families create generations—each of which gain in maturity and self sufficiency such as to create and provide for and varieties of blended families Traditionally, a stepfamily is the family one acquires when a parent enters a new marriage, whether the parent was widowed or divorced. For example, if one's father dies and one's mother marries another man, the new man is one's stepfather and vice versa. The counseling slogan "Stepfamilies are born out of loss" applies to such a case, share housing A share house is a model of household in which a group of usually unrelated people reside together. The term generally applies to people living together in rental properties rather than in properties in which any resident is an owner occupier, and group homes A group home is a private residence designed or converted to serve as a non-secure home for unrelated persons who share a common characteristic. In the United States, the term most often refers to homes designed for those in need of social assistance, and who are usually deemed incapable of living alone or without proper supervision. Prior to the 1 for people with support needs. Other models of living situations which may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses A boarding house, is a house in which lodgers rent one or more rooms for one or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months and years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning, may be supplied. They normally provide "bed and board", that is, at least some meals as, a house in multiple occupation Houses in Multiple Occupation , also known as Houses of Multiple Occupancy, is a British English term which refers to residential property where ‘common areas’ exist and are shared by more than one household. Common areas may be as significant as bathrooms and kitchenettes, but may also be just stairwells or landings. HMOs may be divided up (UK), and a single room occupancy A single room occupancy is a multiple tenant building that houses one or two people in individual rooms (sometimes two rooms, or two rooms with a bathroom or half bathroom), or to the single room dwelling itself. SRO tenants typically share bathrooms and / or kitchens, while some SRO rooms may include kitchenettes, bathrooms, or half-baths (US).
Historical households
In feudal Feudalism is a political and military system between a feudal aristocracy , and his vassals. In its most classic sense, feudalism refers to the Medieval European political system composed of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. Although or aristocratic Aristocracy from Greek aristo, - excellent, and kratos - power, is a form of government in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule. The term is derived from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best". See Aristocracy for the historical roots of the term. The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of societies, a household may include servants A domestic worker is someone who works within the employer's household. Domestic workers perform a variety of household services for an individual or a family, from providing care for children and elderly dependents to cleaning and household maintenance, known as housekeeping. Responsibilities may also include cooking, doing laundry and ironing, or retainers, whether or not they are explicitly so named. Their roles may blur the line between a family member and an employee. In such cases, they ultimately derive their income from the household's principal income.
Popular culture
Household Help! (HH) is a popular parody A parody , in contemporary usage, is a work created to mock, comment on, or make fun at an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon (2000: 7) puts it, "parody … is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." program that teaches typical Australians Australia is derived from Latin Australis , and the land was known as Terra Australis until the early 19th century. Australians, therefore were the people living in the country about household topics such as Security Security has to be compared to related concepts: safety, continuity, reliability. The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of people attempting to cause destruction, Car Parts and DIY Do it yourself is a term used to describe building, modifying, or repairing of something without the aid of experts or professionals. The phrase "do it yourself" came into common usage in the 1950s in reference to home improvement projects which people might choose to complete independently Flooring[dubious – discuss]. The show ran for two seasons with a total of four episodes in Season One and three episodes in Season Two. The show was cancelled after bad ratings.
See also
| Look up household in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Household income in the United States
- household final consumption expenditure
- Family
- Share house
- Group home
- Home
- Homemaker
- Medieval household
- Royal Household, the institutions that run the monarchy
- Retro housewife
References
- ^ Haviland, W.A. (2003). Anthropology. Wadsworth: Belmont, CA.
- ^ Sullivan, arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 29. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbCategoryId=&PMDbProgramId=12881&level=4.
- ^ U.S. Census: Current Population Survey - Definitions and Explanations
- ^ www.csw.ohio-state.edu/phd/documents/20_3muriuki_paper.pdf,
- ^ ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/375/2/adt-NU20010514.11220001front.pdf
- ^ Collins Dictionary of Social Work, John Pierson and Martin Thomas, 2002, Harper Collins, Glasgow, UK
- ^ http://www.essex.ac.uk/Sociology/people/staff/pahl.shtm
- ^ Divisions of Labour Ray Pahl (1984)
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-householdworkstrategy.html
- ^ Hochschild, Arlie Russell; Machung, Anne (2003). The second shift. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200292-6.
- ^ Hochschild, Arlie Russell (2001). The time bind: when work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Henry Holt & Co.. ISBN 978-0-8050-6643-2.
- ^ Young, Cathy. "The mama lion at the gate". Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Categories: Household behavior and family economics | Demography | National accounts
|
Mon, 26 Jul 2010 06:07:20 GMT+00:00
CSP Daily News chicago -- Nearly every US household purchases store brands today, and 80% of consumers believe store-brand products are equal or superior to national ...
nadiya
hu, 15 Jul 2010 13:48:07 GM
Swedish scientists discovered that women's mental health is affected by . household. chores which are distributed between spouses unequally.
Q. So I'm tired of messing around with sub-par household cleaners, I'd like to know if there are any absolutely fantastic ones out there. Ones that just blow all the others away. I'd be interested in hearing suggestions on ones from all different categories, such as... Cleaning baths floors carpets tile grout plastic dishes rust stains metal fixtures concrete greasy hands cars & rims vinyl siding windows etc. My favorite types are super industrial strength ones that you can just spray on and wash off. So if you know of any fantastic cleaners that really stand out from the rest, I would love to know about them.
Asked by Rockstar from another dimension - Fri Mar 9 22:03:10 2007 - - 6 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Mr. Clean Magic Eraser - absolutely fantastic stuff. Even works on pen on the wall. Anything with orange oil in it. Not only does it smell good, but it cuts through just every everything. Oxi-clean is really great for laundry and washing anything white.
Answered by Raising Four Ducklings! - Fri Mar 9 22:28:38 2007
